The Reflection of the Urban Environment in the Hagiographic Works of the 6th-8th cc. AD.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.34680/urbis-2022-2(3)-12-29
Shavarsh Azatyan
National Academy of Science of the Republic of Armenia Institute of History
[email protected]
ORCID: 0000-0002-5045-6992
Abstract
The main objective of the article is to present a picture of the early medieval city through hagiographic works. The article presents the places (prison, squares) associated with the activities of the saints. These places in the urban environment are mentioned in connection with the torture and murder of saints, which conveys them a special meaning. It was the hagiographic literature that reflected the gradual decline in the role of the prison in the Middle Ages, where the punishment is served in a form hidden from the eyes of the inhabitants, and the strengthening of the role of the execution place, where the punishment is carried out publicly and in especially cruel forms, with the aim of intimidating and suppressing the audience, binding the active and passive participants in this action with mutual responsibility. In the early Middle Ages, ideas about death changed, the dead, as it were, settled in the city of the living. Certainly, first of all, it is about the grand martyrs, the saints tortured to death became the heavenly patrons of the city. At that, in the Armenian and Georgian hagiography, not only the relics of the saints were sacralized, but also the places of their execution. Hagiographic principles of this particular project about the internal environment of cities Connected by a chain wall. In the center of early-century Armenia, located in the Dvina, in its Central Square, the beginning of the VI century. the social environment of the creation of people arose. Here, after the revival of the palace of the Persian Amarkar, in all likelihood, there was a lack of freedom in the Constitutional Rule of individual situations. The best example of cooperation was the fire that broke out in the aforementioned palace of the Persian Аmarkar, when the Armenians, according to a preliminary agreement, rushed to help.
Keywords: hagiography, square, prison, chapel, city walls, marzpan, vostikan, palace, vision, chronotope, state of emergency, execution.
REFERENCES
Abuladze 1944 – Abuladze E. V. Georgian and Armenian Literary Relations of the IX–X cc. Tbilisi, 1944. In Georgian.
Acharian 1946- Acharian H. H. Dictionary of Armenian Proper Names. Vol. III. Yerevan, 1946. In Armenian.
Agathangelos 2003 – Agathangelos. History of Armenia [History of St. Gregory and the Conversion of Armenia]. Vol. II. Antelias-Lebanon, 2003. In Armenian.
Arakelyan 1958 – Arakelyan B. N. Cities and Crafts in Armenia IX–XIII centuries. Vol I. Yerevan, 1958. In Armenian.
Arakelyan 1982 – Arakelyan B. N. Artashat I. The main Results of Excavations, 1970–1977. Ed. by G. A.Tiratsian. Yerevan, 1982. In Russian.
Azatyan 2019 – Azatyan Sh. Kh. Historical Value of Martyrology of Hiztbuzit. Journal of Armenian Studies. 2019. 3 (21). P. 53–73. URL: https://clck.ru/32nMZZ. In Armenian.
Babayan 1977 – Babayan L. H. Episodes of Historiography of the Early Feudal Era of
Armenia (V–VIII cc.). Yerevan, 1977. In Armenian.
Bakhtin 1975 – Bakhtin M. Forms of Time and Chronotope in the Novel. Notes Toward a Historical Poetics. Questions of Literature and Aesthetics. Moscow, 1975. In Russian.
Brown 1981 – Brown P. The Cult of the Saints. Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity. Chicago, 1981.
Faustus Buzand 2003 – Faustus Buzand [Faustus of Byzantium]. History of the Armenians. Vol. I. Antelias-Lebanon, 2003. In Armenian.
Foucault 1999 – Foucault M. P. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. / Transl. into Russian by V. Naumova. Ed. by I. Borisov. Moscow, 1999.
Ghafadaryan 1951 – Ghafadaryan K. G. The City of Dvin and its Excavation. Vol. I. Yerevan, 1951. In Armenian.
Ghafadaryan, Kalantaryan 2002 – Ghafadaryan K. G., Kalantaryan A. A. The City of Dvin and its Excavation. Vol. II. Yerevan, 2002. In Armenian.
Ghanalanayan 1969 – Ghanalanayan A. T. Armenian Legends. Yerevan, 1969. In Armenian.
Grekyan 2016 – Grekyan Y. Biainili-Urartu: State and Society (Historical-Archaeological Study). Dissertation to apply for the degree of Doctor of Historical Sciences. Yerevan, 2016. In Armenian.
Hakobyan 2000 – Hakobyan A. H. The Name of Cicernavanq, the Grave of the Martyr and the Stages of Construction. Handes Amsorya. Zeitschrift für Armenische Philologie. 2000. No 1–12. P. 135–196. URL: https://clck.ru/32nei5. In Armenian.
Harutyunyan 1950 – Harutyunyan V. M. Architectural Monuments of Dvin V–VII centuries. Yerevan, 1950. In Armenian.
Harutyunyan 1992 – Harutyunyan V. M. History of Armenian Architecture. Yerevan, 1992. In Armenian.
Harutyunyan 2018 – Harutyunyan A. E. Saint Hripsime Church. S. Etchmiadzin, 2018. In Armenian.
Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi 2010 – Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi' [John Katholikos] History of Armenia. Vol. XI. Antelias-Lebanon, 2010. In Armenian.
Ioane Sabanisdze 1956 – Sabanisdze I. Martyrology of Abo Tbilisi. Monuments of Ancient Georgian Hagiographic Literature. Transl. into Russian by K. S. Kekelidze. Tbilisi, 1956.
Kalantar 1935 – Kalantar A. A. Excavation of Old Vagarshapat. Yerevan, 1935. In Armenian.
Karapetyan 1999 – Karapetyan S. G. Armenian Cultural Monuments in the Regions Occupied by Soviet Azerbaijan. Vol. III (I). Yerevan, 1999. In Armenian.
Khacatryan 1981 – Khachatryan Zh. D. Artashat II. Ancient Necropolises (Excavations 1971–1977). Yerevan, 1981. In Armenian. Identifier: oai:arar.sci.am:10758.
Khacatryan 1994 – Khacatryan T. The symbolism of the Christian temple. Gandzasar: Theological Review. Vol. V. 1994. P. 338–351. URL: https://clck.ru/32nMDX. In Armenian.
Khurshudyan 2003 – Khurshudyan E. Sh. Armenia and Sasanian Iran. Almaty, 2003. In Russian.
Le Bon 2016 – Le Bon G. Psychology of Crowds. Transl. into Russian by E. Pimenov and A. Fridman. Moscow, 2016.
Le Goff 2008 – Le Goff J. The Birth of Europe. Transl. into Russian by A. Popova. Saint-Petersburg, 2008.
Lewond 2007 – Lewond. History of Lewond. Vol. VI. Antelias-Lebanon, 2007. In Armenian.
Liebeschuetz 2001 – Liebeschuetz W. The End of Ancient City. The City in Late Antiquity. Edited by J. Rich. New York and London, 2001. P. 1–49.
Margaryan 2020 – Margaryan Ye. Abo Tbileli. Arabic Perfumer – St. Protector of Tiflis. Critique and Semiotics. 2020. 2. P. 286–301. In Russian.
Martyrology of Saint Princes Hamazasp and Sahak Arcruni 2007 – Martyrology of Saint princes Hamazasp and Sahak Arcrouni. Armenian Classical Authors. Vol. VI. Antelias-Lebanon, 2007. In Armenian.
Marutyan 1989 – Marutyan H. T. The Interior of the Armenian Folk Dwelling (Second Half of the 19th – begining 20th Centuries). Armenian Ethnography and Folklore. Ed. by D. S. Vardumyan; Yu. I. Mrktumyan. Vol. 17. Yerevan, 1989. Identifier: oai:arar.sci.am:10361. In Russian.
Mnacakanyan 1982 – Mnacakanyan S. Kh. Early Medieval Armenian Memorials. Yerevan, 1982. In Armenian.
Moses Khorentsi 2003 – Moses Khorentsi. The History of Armenian. Vol. II. Antelias-Lebanon, 2003. In Armenian.
Nerses Rajik 2004 – Nerses Rajik. Martyrology of Hiztbuzit. Vol. III. Antelias-Lebanon, 2003. In Armenian.
Petrosyan 2003 – Petrosyan H. L. The Alives and the Deads (Death and Immortality in the System of Armenian traditional Worldperception). Science and Technics, 2003. 6–7. P. 54–58. In Armenian.
Sebeos 2005 – Sebeos. History. Vol. IV. Antelias-Lebanon, 2005. In Armenian.
Simpson 2017 – Simpson J. S. Sasanian Cities: Archaeological Perspectives on the Urban Economy and Built Environment of an Empire. Sasanian Persia: Between Rome and the Steppes of Eurasia. Ed. by Eberhard W. Sauer. Edinburg, 2017. P. 21–50.
Svanidze et al. 2000 – City in the Medieval Civilization of Western Europe. Ed. by A. A. Svanidze. Vol. III. Moscow, 2000. In Russian.
Ter-Ghevondyan 1977 – Ter-Ghevondyan A. N. Armenia and Arab Caliphate. Yerevan, 1977. In Russian.
Ter-Ghevondyan 2003a – Ter-Ghevondyan A. N. Remarks about the Word Vostikan. Collection of Articles. Ed. by A Ter-Ghevondyan. Yerevan. 2003. P. 86–92. In Armenian.
Ter-Ghevondyan 2003b – Ter-Ghevondyan A. N. The Chronology of Vostikans of Arminia. Collection of Articles. Yerevan. 2003. P. 385–397. In Armenian.
Ter-Ghevondyan 2003c – Ter-Ghevondyan A. N. The Chronology of the City of Dvin in IX–XI centuries. Collection of Articles. Ed. by A Ter-Ghevondyan. Yerevan. 2003. P. 12–25. In Armenian.
Tiratsian 1977 – Tiratsian G. A. On the Problem of City – Building Structure and Topography of Old Valarshapat. Historical-Philological Journal. 1977. 2. P. 81–98. Identifier: ai:arar.sci.am:172406. In Russian.
Torosyan, Kerkyasharian 1971 – Torosyan R. Kerkyasharian S. Archeological Finding from Etchmiadzin. Historical-Philological Journal. 1971. 4. P. 286–290. Identifier: oai:arar.sci.am:171718. In Armenian.
Traina 2003 – Traina G. A Place of Confinement in the Sasanid Empire. Fortress An(h)ush. Transl. into Armenian by V. Pogosyan. Historical-Philiological Journal. 2003. 1. P. 186–202. Identifier: oai:arar.sci.am:174900. In Armenian.
Udalcov et al. 1967 – History of Byzantium. Ed. by Z. V. Udalcov. Moscow, 1967.
Vardanyan 1967 – Vardanyan S. The Hazarashen and its Significance in Armenian architecture. Herald of Social Sciences. 1967. 6. P. 78–88. In Armenian. Identifier: oai:arar.sci.am:33591.
Yeghishe 2003 – Yeghishe [Elisaeeus]. History of Vardan and the Armenian War. Vol. I. Antelias-Lebanon, 2003. In Armenian.
Yegiazaryan 2010 – Yegiazaryan A. S. Arminia Administrative Region of the Arabian Calipate. Historico-Geographical Study. Yerevan, 2010. In Armenian.
About author
Shavarsh Kh. Azatyan
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia
E-mail: [email protected]
For citation:
Azatyan S. Ch. The Reflection of the Urban Environment in the Hagiographic Works of the 6th-8th cc. AD. Urbis et Orbis. Microhistory and Semiotics of the City. 2022. 2 (3). P. 12–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34680/urbis-2022-2(3)-12-29